![]() ![]() Many small pelagic fishes obligately form schools some of these schools reach remarkable sizes. This study investigated tick species and abundance on a giant panda living in the natural environment for the first time, which provided important information for the conservation of giant pandas and other species sharing the same environment. Results from linear model showed that the temperature positively correlated to tick abundance while air pressure had a negative correlation with tick abundance. ![]() Tick abundance increased from March and reached the highest point in June and July, then it decreased until September. Tick abundance was significantly different among months. A linear model was used to test the correlation between daily tick abundance and climate factors.Īll ticks were identified as Ixodes ovatus. Ticks were collected daily and identified from the ears of the giant panda from March to September in 2021. In this study, an investigation about ticks on a reintroduced giant panda at Daxiangling Reintroduction Base in Sichuan of China was conducted. However, many previous studies about ticks on giant pandas were only limited in scope as case reports of ill or dead animals. Ticks can not only cause anemia and immunosuppression, but also bacterial and viral disease of giant pandas. The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), one of the iconic flagship species, is threatened by tick infestation as well. Ticks and tick-borne diseases have negative impacts on the health of wild animals including endangered and vulnerable species. Our model developed here is broadly applicable, which quantitatively illustrates classical experiments that invalidating the CEP, and can be used to explain biodiversity in natural ecosystems. We further reveal that the facilitated biodiversity is resistant to stochasticity, either with stochastic simulations or the individual-based modelling. Here we present a mechanistic model, and show that the intraspecific interference among the consumers enables strikingly a plethora of consumer species to coexist at constant population densities with only one or a handful types of resources, which naturally breaks the CEP and may resolve the paradox of the plankton. ![]() A long-standing puzzle lies in the paradox of the plankton: many species of plankton feeding on a limited type of resource coexist, apparently flouting Competitive Exclusion Principle (CEP), which holds that the species number of predators (consumers) cannot exceed that of the resources at steady state. Collective behaviour could play a key part in the maintenance of biodiversity.Įxplaining biodiversity is a fundamental issue in ecology. Adding collective movement to canonical unstable ecological scenarios causes emergent social–ecological feedback, which mitigates conditions that would otherwise result in extinction. We focus on collective movement as a particularly well-understood example of collective behaviour. Here we introduce collective movement into a model of consumer–resource dynamics to demonstrate that collective behaviour can attenuate consumer–resource cycles and promote species coexistence. Although the social mechanics of collective behaviour are increasingly well-studied, its role in ecosystems remains poorly understood. These cross-scale feedback loops between individuals, populations and their environments can provide fitness benefits, such as the efficient exploitation of uncertain resources, as well as costs, such as increased resource competition. With collective behaviour, social interactions among individuals propagate to affect the behaviour of groups, whereas group-level responses in turn affect individual behaviour. Collective behaviour is common in bacteria, plants and animals, and therefore occurs across ecosystems, from biofilms to cities. ![]()
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